中华急诊医学杂志  2023, Vol. 32 Issue (3): 377-382   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2023.03.017
下腔静脉变异度联合股直肌萎缩分数预测有创机械通气撤机结局的可行性分析
吴衡 , 朱超云 , 刘媛 , 蒋宝虎     
江苏大学附属宜兴医院急诊医学科,宜兴 214200
摘要: 目的 探讨下腔静脉变异度(inferior vena cava variability,ΔDIVC)联合股直肌萎缩分数预测有创机械通气(invasive mechanical ventilation,IMV)撤机结局的可行性分析。方法 选取2021年1月至2021年12月江苏大学附属宜兴医院收治的IMV患者进行前瞻性研究。达到撤机标准的患者进行2 h自主呼吸试验(spontaneous breathing trial,SBT),然后立即拔管。将拔管超过48 h且自主呼吸稳定的患者纳入撤机成功组,反之纳入撤机失败组。评价两组临床资料和各项撤机指标。分析ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数的相关性、对撤机结局产生影响的因素。ΔDIVC、股直肌萎缩分数和两项联合预测撤机成功的诊断价值通过受试者工作曲线(ROC)进行分析。结果 本研究共纳入60例IMV患者,其中38例撤机成功,22例撤机失败。两组临床资料特征差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。两组股直肌横截面积随重症监护病房(ICU)住院时间延长逐渐缩小(F值分别为3.266、3.625,均P < 0.05),首次SBT时股直肌横截面积明显低于入院第1天[撤机成功组:(2.54±0.88)cm2 vs.(3.08±0.98)cm2;撤机失败组:(2.22±0.87)cm2 vs.(3.02±1.10)cm2,均P < 0.05],但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。撤机成功组患者ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数显著高于撤机失败组[ΔDIVC:(25.02±4.65)% vs.(20.30±3.16)%;股直肌萎缩分数:(81.89±5.09)% vs.(72.68±8.98)%,均P < 0.05]。ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数呈正相关(r=0.346,P=0.007)。ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数均是影响撤机成功的重要因素(均P < 0.05)。ΔDIVC联合股直肌萎缩分数预测撤机成功的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.880,显著高于ΔDIVC(AUC=0.791)和股直肌萎缩分数(AUC=0.826)。结论 ΔDIVC联合股直肌萎缩分数预测IMV撤机成功具有较高的准确性,可用于指导撤机。
关键词: 下腔静脉变异度    股直肌萎缩分数    肌肉萎缩    撤机指标    有创机械通气    超声检查    
Feasibility analysis of inferior vena cava variability combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction in predicting the outcome of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation
Wu Heng , Zhu Chaoyun , Liu Yuan , Jiang Baohu     
Department of Emergency Medicine, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing 214200, China
Abstract: Objective To identify the feasibility of inferior vena cava variability (ΔDIVC) combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction in predicting the outcome of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods From January to December 2021, the patients with the need for IMV admitted to the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University were recruited into prospective case-control study. The patients who met the withdrawal criteria were treated with a 2-h spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and then extubated immediately. Patients with stable spontaneous breathing after extubation for more than 48 h were classified as successful weaning group, and on the contrary, the other patients were classified as failed weaning group. The clinical data and withdrawal indexes of the two groups were evaluated. The correlation between ΔDIVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction was assessed. The influencing factors of weaning outcome were observed. The diagnostic value of ΔDIVC, rectus femoris atrophy fraction and the combination of two indexes in predicting weaning success were calculated by a plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Sixty IMV patients were included in this study, including 38 cases of successful weaning and 22 cases of failed weaning. The two groups were comparable with regard to clinical data (all P > 0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area in the two groups diminished gradually with the length of ICU stay (F=3.266, 3.625, both P < 0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area at the first SBT was significantly lower than that on the first day of admission in both groups [the successful weaning group: (2.54±0.88) cm2 vs. (3.08±0.98) cm2; the failed weaning group: (2.22±0.87) cm2 vs. (3.02±1.10) cm2, both P < 0.05], but there was no significant difference between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Patients in the successful weaning group had higher ΔDIVC and higher rectus femoris atrophy fraction than those in the weaning failure group [ΔDIVC: (25.02±4.65)% vs. (20.30±3.16)%; rectus femoris atrophy fraction: (81.89±5.09)% vs. (72.68±8.98)%, both P < 0.05]. There was a positive correlation between ΔDIVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction (r=0.346, P=0.007). Both ΔDIVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction played an important role in affecting weaning success (all P < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of ΔDIVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for predicting the weaning success was 0.880, which was significantly higher than that of ΔDIVC (AUC=0.791) or rectus femoris atrophy fraction (AUC=0.826). Conclusions The predictive value of ΔDIVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for successful weaning of patients undergoing IMV is relatively accurate, which can be used to guide weaning.
Key words: Inferior vena cava variability    Rectus femoris atrophy fraction    Muscle atrophy    Weaning indicator    Invasive mechanical ventilation    Ultrasonography    

有创机械通气(intermittent mandatory ventilation, IMV)是呼吸衰竭患者的重要生命支持手段,然而长时间的IMV会引起呼吸机相关性并发症显著增多, 导致患者的病死率明显增加[1-2]。研究发现IMV撤机失败大多与呼吸肌乏力、心肺负荷过重,严重营养不良、肌肉萎缩等因素密切相关[3-5]。目前IMV撤机的评价指标较多,大多存在繁杂、有创、准确性不高等缺陷[3]。重症超声作为急重症医师的有力武器,在临床上应用越来越广泛,可被用于评估、分析患者呼吸衰竭和IMV撤机失败的原因。通过重症超声监测下腔静脉变异度(inferior vena cava variability,ΔDIVC)可预测患者的容量反应性,目前越来越多的研究发现,IMV撤机成功患者的容量反应性明显高于撤机失败的患者[6]。危重症患者早期,就会出现严重的肌肉萎缩和功能障碍[7],易导致IMV撤机困难,住院时间延长[8]。本研究旨在通过重症超声探查ΔDIVC联合股直肌萎缩分数,评价其对IMV撤机的预测能力。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

本研究采用前瞻性研究,选取2021年1月至2021年12月在宜兴市人民医院ICU治疗的IMV患者60例。本研究通过医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:伦审2020科033),并签署家属知情同意书。

入组标准:(1)所有患者均经口气管插管且IMV时间 > 5 d;(2)年龄 > 60岁;(3)通过机械通气撤机筛查标准的患者进行2 h自主呼吸试验(spontaneous breathing trial, SBT)[9]

排除标准:(1)有明确神经肌肉疾病者;(2)妊娠者;(3)大量腹腔积液、肠道积气等影响下腔静脉直径采集者;(4)多器官功能严重受损者。

1.2 研究方法 1.2.1 分组

通过2 h SBT后立即拔除气管插管,根据拔管时间和拔管后患者自主呼吸情况,将入组的IMV患者分为撤机成功组和撤机失败组,如拔管时间超过48 h,且能维持正常自主呼吸者视为撤机成功,反之视为撤机失败[10]

1.2.2 临床资料获取

记录患者的性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、急性生理与慢性健康状态Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)评分、入院至首次SBT时的IMV时间、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)、氧合指数(PO2/FiO2)、乳酸等。

1.2.3 ΔDIVC测量

在SBT前患者取平卧位,使用飞利浦EPIQ7C型心脏超声仪(探头S5-1,频率范围1~5 MHz),在剑突下放置探头,获取标准下腔静脉长轴图像,测量靠近右心房入口2 cm处下腔静脉直径的最大值(DIVCmax)和最小值(DIVCmin),重复超声测量3次,然后取平均值,并根据公式计算DDIVC,ΔDIVC=2×(DIVCmax−DIVCmin)/(DIVCmax+DIVCmin)×100%。

1.2.4 股直肌横截面积测量

由同一位经超声专科培训的急诊医学科医师分别在患者入院第1天、第4天和首次SBT时,使用配有5~12 MHz探头的Philips IU 22超声仪进行股直肌横截面积测量。患者取仰卧位,双腿伸直,双足轻度垫高,下肢制动10 min后,在髂前上嵴与髌骨上缘连线中下1/3的位置,垂直股骨干放置探头,使股直肌和其正下方的股中间肌能被清晰分辨,分别测量左、右两侧股直肌面积[11-12],然后取平均值。依据公式计算股直肌萎缩分数,股直肌萎缩分数=[1−(入院第1天股直肌横截面积−首次SBT时股直肌横截面积)/入院第1天股直肌横截面积]×100%。

1.3 统计学方法

使用SPSS 23.0软件对所记录的数据进行分析,其中计量和计数资料分别以均数±标准差(x±s)和例数(%)表示,采用t检验或者卡方检验进行分析。入院后各时间点股直肌面积的比较采用单因素ANOVA分析,而事后各时间点股直肌面积的多重两两比较采用Bonferroni法分析。ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数的相关性应用Pearson相关性分析;采用二元Logistic回归模型分析ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数是否影响机械通气患者的撤机结局;通过绘制ROC曲线,计算ΔDIVC、股直肌萎缩分数和二者联合预测撤机成功的AUC,评价各预测指标的诊断效能。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 临床资料比较

撤机前两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、APACHE Ⅱ评分、入院至首次SBT时机械通气时间、PCO2、PO2/FiO2和乳酸差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 两组IMV患者临床资料比较(x±s Table 1 Comparison of clinical data of IMV patients in the two groups (x±s)
组别 男/女(例) 年龄(岁) BMI(kg/m2 APACHE Ⅱ评分(分) 入院至首次SBT时IMV时间(d) PCO2 (mmHg) PO2/FiO2 (mmHg) 乳酸(mmol/L)
撤机成功组(n=38) 22/16 73.13±7.24 24.66±3.47 16.08±2.87 8.79±2.26 46.24±10.10 266.03±34.49 2.22±1.03
撤机失败组(n=22) 12/10 75.27±8.54 25.77±4.50 17.14±3.52 9.50±2.99 50.45±12.51 253.09±40.35 2.46±1.16
t/χ2 0.64 -1.033 -1.073 -1.264 -1.042 -1.427 1.315 -0.813
P 0.80 0.306 0.288 0.211 0.302 0.159 0.194 0.419
注:BMI为体重指数;APACHE Ⅱ为急性生理与慢性健康状态Ⅱ评分;IMV为有创机械通气;PCO2为动脉血二氧化碳分压;PO2/FiO2为氧合指数;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
2.2 股直肌横截面积比较

随ICU住院时间延长,两组股直肌横截面积逐渐缩小(均P < 0.05),首次SBT时股直肌横截面积明显低于入院第1天(均P < 0.05),但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 两组IMV患者入院后股直肌横截面积比较 Table 2 Comparison of transversal area of femoris rectus muscle after admission in the two groups of IMV patients
组别 股直肌横截面积(cm2) F P
入院第1天 入院第4天 首次SBT时
撤机成功组 3.08±0.98 2.84±0.92 2.54±0.88a 3.266 0.042
撤机失败组 3.02±1.10 2.69±1.00 2.22±0.87a 3.625 0.032
t 0.198 0.591 1.356
P 0.844 0.557 0.180
注:SBT为自主呼吸试验;与入院第1天比较,aP < 0.05
2.3 撤机指标的比较

撤机成功组ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数显著高于撤机失败组(均P < 0.05)。见表 3

表 3 两组ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数的比较 Table 3 Comparison of ΔDIVC and rectus femoris atrophy scores between the two groups
分组 ΔDIVC(%) 股直肌萎缩分数(%)
撤机成功组 25.02±4.65 81.89±5.09
撤机失败组 20.30±3.16 72.68±8.98
t 4.226 4.415
P < 0.001 < 0.001
注:ΔDIVC为下腔静脉变异度
2.4 ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数的相关性

ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数呈正相关(r=0.346,P=0.007)。

2.5 对撤机结局产生影响的因素分析

以撤机结局为因变量,以ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数为协变量,二元Logistic回归分析显示,ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数均是影响撤机成功的影响因素(均P < 0.05)。见表 4

表 4 对撤机结局产生影响的因素分析 Table 4 Analysis of factors influencing the weaning outcome
相关因素 β S.E. Wald 自由度 P Exp(β 95%CI
下限 上限
ΔDIVC 0.222 0.087 6.526 1 0.011 1.249 1.053 1.481
股直肌萎缩分数 0.185 0.064 8.297 1 0.004 1.203 1.061 1.364
注:ΔDIVC为下腔静脉变异度
2.6 各项撤机指标预测患者撤机成功的诊断价值分析

根据ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数回归系数得出二者联合的计算公式:联合=ΔDIVC +(0.185/0.222)×股直肌萎缩分数,计算联合数据进行统计分析。ROC曲线结果显示,二者联合预测撤机成功的AUC和约登指数最大,股直肌萎缩分数次之,ΔDIVC最小,说明二者联合预测诊断价值最优。见表 5图 1

表 5 各项撤机指标预测撤机成功的诊断价值 Table 5 The diagnostic value of each weaning indicator to predict the weaning success
指标 AUC 95%CI P 最佳临界值 敏感度(%) 特异度(%) 约登指数(%)
ΔDIVC 0.791 0.677~0.905 < 0.001 23.71% 68.4 81.8 50.2
股直肌萎缩分数 0.826 0.711~0.941 < 0.001 78.42% 76.3 86.4 62.7
联合 0.880 0.795~0.966 < 0.001 90.53% 73.7 90.9 64.6
注:AUC为曲线下面积;Δ DIVC为下腔静脉变异度

ΔDIVC为下腔静脉变异度 图 1 ΔDIVC、股直肌萎缩分数和二者联合预测撤机成功的ROC曲线 Fig 1 ΔDIVC, rectus femoris atrophy score and combined predictive ROC curve of weaning success
3 讨论

撤机是机械通气治疗过程中的重要阶段,过早或过晚撤机都将对患者产生不利影响,准确把握撤机时机尤为重要。当IMV原因得到有效纠正,应尽早进行IMV撤机和拔除气管插管[13]。目前IMV撤机拔管的流程推荐通过SBT后拔管[14],然而即便成功通过SBT后拔除气管插管,再次气管插管率仍在10%~25%[15],老年患者、心肺功能较差者,再插管率更高。本研究共收集病例60例,其中22例成功拔管后再次行气管插管,再插管率为36%。

IMV状态下,使患者胸腔内压和右心后负荷明显升高,导致回心血量减少,最终引起心输出量下降。然而由IMV支持转变为自主呼吸过程中,胸腔内压由正压变为负压,腔静脉回流增加,左心前负荷和心脏做功较撤机前明显增加,可使撤机后心肌氧耗明显增加[16]。当患者心功能不能有效代偿时,易出现心功能相关性肺水肿,导致IMV撤机拔管失败[17]。ΔDIVC是评估容量反应性的有效指标[18],可反映心脏对容量负荷增加的耐受能力,即可判断在心功能曲线所处的位置。步涨等[19]研究发现,ΔDIVC预测心功能不全患者撤机困难的AUC达0.839,当ΔDIVC≤0.25时,预测撤机困难的敏感度和特异度分别为为69.5%、94.7%。既往研究表明,液体平衡与拔管结局密切相关[20],液体正平衡是导致撤机拔管失败的重要危险因素,而液体负平衡有利于提高撤机拔管成功率[21]。本研究发现,撤机成功组ΔDIVC明显高于撤机失败组,说明撤机拔管前通过控制液体入量、加强利尿等液体负平衡措施,降低左心前负荷,有利于增大ΔDIVC,可提高IMV撤机拔管的成功率。

既往研究发现,在IMV数小时后,患者便可以出现ICU获得性衰弱,表现为不同部位的肌肉组织数量和质量下降,易导致撤机失败率明显增加[22-23]。Fan等[24]研究发现,在ICU住院期间,25%~75%的机械通气危重患者出现了骨骼肌萎缩和肌无力。Dres等[25]研究共纳入76名IMV患者,在首次SBT评估时有63%的患者出现了膈肌功能障碍,34%的患者出现了四肢肌无力,21%的患者两者同时存在,并且患者出现四肢肌无力与较长时间的IMV和住院密切相关。本研究亦发现,随着ICU住院时间和IMV时间的延长,两组患者股直肌横截面积均发生不同程度的缩小,且两组患者首次SBT时股直肌面积明显低于入院第1天,并且撤机成功组股直肌萎缩分数明显小于撤机失败组。说明撤机结局与股直肌横截面积萎缩程度存在相关性,股直肌横截面积萎缩程度越小,撤机成功率越高。

以ΔDIVC和股直肌萎缩分数作为撤机指标,相关性分析显示两者预测撤机结局具有很好的正相关性(r=0.346)。股直肌萎缩分数预测撤机成功的AUC为0.836,大于ΔDIVC(AUC=0.791),同时股直肌萎缩分数的敏感度和特异度也高于ΔDIVC。说明股直肌萎缩分数作为撤机预测指标优于ΔDIVC。而两者联合进行预测撤机成功的AUC提高至0.880,敏感度为73.7%,特异度为90.9%,说明两者联合具有更好的预测效能。

本研究的局限性:本研究样本量较小,同时,超声测量ΔDIVC和股直肌横截面积精确性需进一步提升,后期可进一步扩大研究样本数量,优化实验设计和数据采集,提高ΔDIVC联合股直肌萎缩分数预测撤机成功的准确性。

综上所述,ΔDIVC联合股直肌萎缩分数能较为准确地预测IMV撤机结局,可用于撤机评估和指导,具有一定的临床应用前景。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明  吴衡:研究设计、论文撰写及修改;朱超云:数据审核、论文撰写;刘媛:数据收集及整理;蒋宝虎:统计学分析、论文修改

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