中华急诊医学杂志  2018, Vol. 27 Issue (8): 893-900
院外规范化治疗对急性肺栓塞患者复发的影响
米玉红, 祁璇, 闫树凤, 王海云, 王丹丹, 李春盛     
100029 北京, 首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊危重症中心
摘要: 目的 观察规范急性肺栓塞(pulmonary thromboembolism,PE)患者院外的管理对其抗凝治疗中及停药后复发的影响。方法 分为规范治疗组(观察组)和未规范治疗组(对照组)两组。观察组:收集2015年1月至2016年12月期间收治的急性、首次发病的PE患者资料,院外管理策略:指导抗凝治疗;记录患者所有症状;完成治疗3个月的超声心动图、6个月及12个月的肺灌注等检查;现有指南指导下抗凝结束后未来1年内的血栓事件复发情况;定期检查期间,一旦出现可疑复发的症状即给予确诊检查明确。对照组:回顾2010年1月至2014年12月的PE资料及出院后在非抗栓门诊治疗的抗凝治疗状态及转归情况。结果 ① 收治无明确触发因素的急性PE患者分别为观察组129例和对照组的246例;两组年龄(观察组64 ±12岁和对照组65.9 ±12.9岁)及性别(男/女:观察组1:1.22和对照组1:1.46)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②观察组复发率(11.63%)明显低于对照组(22.36%),(P < 0.01);③观察组病死率(3.1%)低于对照组(9.3%),(P < 0.05);观察组中PE患者的失访率及中断治疗率均低于对照组,分别为10.85%vs. 21.54%(P < 0.01)和1.55%vs. 8.5%(P < 0.01);④具有动脉硬化危险因素分别在观察组和对照组中占82.17%和77.64%(P>0.05),而动脉硬化危险因素控制达标分别为79.31%和54.97%(P < 0.05)。结论 规范PE患者的抗凝治疗可以有效降低PE患者VTE的复发率,应加强PE患者的院外抗凝治疗管理;暴露于动脉硬化危险因素的PE患者,抗凝治疗期间或抗凝结束后血栓事件的复发值得关注。
关键词: 急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症     规范治疗     复发     动脉硬化危险因素    
The effect of out-hospital standardized anticoagulation treatment on the recurrence of acute pulmonary thromboembolis in patients with high risk of coagulation
Mi Yuhong , Qi Xuan , Yan Shufeng , Wang Haiyun , Wang Dandan , Li Chunsheng     
Emergency & Critical Care Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100029, China(Mi YH, Qi X, Yan SF, Wang HY, Wang DD); Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China(Li CS)
Abstract: Objective To observe the effect of out-hospital standardized treatment on the recurrence of the first onset of acute unprovoked pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) after discontinued anticoagulant therapy or during anticoagulation therapy in PE patients after treatment and discharged from hospital. Methods A prospective study of patients with acute PE admitted into emergency ICU for training in out-hospital standardized anticoagulation treatment was carried out from January 2015 to December 2016 (observation group). Another cohort of EP patients without training in out-hospital standardized anticoagulation treatment admitted from January 2010 to December 2014 was enrolled for retrospective analysis(control group). The out-hospital standardized anticoagulation treatment strategy included the guidance of anticoagulation therapy, record all of the patients' symptoms related with recurrent EP both during and discontinuous anticoagulant treatment, V/Q scan at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months follow-up, respectively. The patients with ceased anticoagulant therapy would be followed up for at least one year. Patients with signs of recurrence would have a definite diagnosis at once. The anticoagulation status and outcome of the patients in control group found in out-patient department were recorded. Results ① There were 129 patients with acute unprovoked PE in observation group and 246 in control grouThere were no significance difference both in mean age and gender between two groups (P < 0.05). ② Recurrence rate was 11.63% in observation group and 22.36% in control group (P < 0.01); ③There was significance difference in mortality rate between observation group (3.1%) and control group (10.85%) (P < 0.05). There was also significant difference in rate of missing follow-up between observation group (10.85%) and control group (21.54%) (P < 0.001), and. there was significant difference in rate of discontinuous anticoagulation therapy between observation group (1.55%) and control group (8.5%) (P < 0.01).④There was no significance difference seen in the rate of patients exposed to multiple risk factors of arteriosclerosis between observation group (82.25%) and control group (77.64%) (P < 0.05). But the target rate of controlling various risk factors of arteriosclerosis was 79.31% in observation group and 54.97% in control group respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions Standardized treatment can effectively reduce the recurrent rate of the venous episodes of the patients with first episode of acute unprovoked pulmonary thromboembolism; Recurrent venous episodes of the PE patients who exposed to the multiple risk factors of arteriosclerosis require more attentions.
Keywords: Acute pulmonary thromboembolism     Standardized treatment     Recurrence     Risk factors of arteriosclerosis    

急性肺动脉血栓栓塞(pulmonary thromembolism, PE)与深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis, DVT)构成了静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)[1-2]。急性PE属于高发病率、高潜在病死率、高致残率、高漏诊率、高复发率的疾病,其发病率仅次于心肌梗死和卒中、病死率仅次于肿瘤和急性心肌梗死[2],并造成巨大的社会经济负担[3]。规范的抗凝治疗通过纠正原有的纤溶、凝血机制异常成为VTE有效治疗[4]和预防复发[5-8]的重要手段。指南对于有或无明确触发因素的抗凝治疗均给予了明确的界定[9],既往研究显示恰当治疗后,无明确触发因素的VTE患者停药后复发比例高于存在明确触发因素的VTE患者[10-11]。即便延长抗凝疗程,停药随访2年的研究结果显示患者的整体获益并未见到明显优势[12]。终止抗凝治疗其预防复发作用随即消失的研究[10-11, 13-18]也证实抗凝治疗本身并不能真正地消除导致形成血栓的危险因素,尤其是首次VTE发生后具有更加强烈的复发倾向[7-8]。基于无明确触发因素的VTE患者复发的危险因素非常复杂,常为多因素、多基因相互作用的结果,所以VTE患者的治疗仅仅局限于关注急性期诊断与治疗远远不够,迫切需要一个完整的院外PE患者管理策略,而目前尚缺乏明确的VTE患者强化院外长期管理的概念。本研究依据PE患者特点,拟定规范的PE院外管理治疗方案,前瞻性对北京安贞医院急诊重症监护室2015年1月至2016年12月急性PE患者(观察组)进行规范治疗(存在语言障碍的PE患者除外),并以回顾2010年1月至2014年12月收治的急性PE患者作为对照组,探讨规范治疗对PE患者复发的影响。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

两组资料均为首次发病、病程14 d之内的PE患者,并经肺动脉增强CT(Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography, CTPA)、肺灌注/通气显像(perfusion/ventilation scan,V/Q scan)或肺动脉增强核磁(magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography, MRPA)三者之一明确诊断[19]

1.2 规范治疗方案 1.2.1 住院期间D-Dimer降至正常出院

院外每周复查D-Dimer(华法令或利伐沙班)和INR(华法令维持INR 2~3),4次后改为每2周一次,4次后改为每月1次。如果连续2~3次检查均达标视同正规抗凝治疗(对于连续两次INR未达标者或完全没有定期复查者视为未正规抗凝治疗)

1.2.2 急性期抗凝治疗1周后复查CTPA和肺灌注/通气显像

抗凝治疗3个月复查心脏超声;抗凝6个月和12个月均复查肺灌注和双下肢静脉超声(出院时如果肺灌注阴性则以CTPA为主,并同时复查肺灌注);同时记录患者3个月,6个月和12个月的血脂、糖化血红蛋白、同型半胱氨酸及血压等指标的控制情况。停药后随访方法:每周复查D-Dimer,4次后改为每2周一次,4次后改为每月一次,3~4次后改为2~3个月复查,至少12个月。治疗期间如果出现出血或者栓塞事件复发征象时,随时调整治疗方案并恢复出院时凝血指标的监测频率,并进一步查找原因。

1.3 复发的判断标准(包括DVT和PE)

治疗期间或停药后,如果患者出现呼吸困难、胸痛、心动过速等;或者单侧或双侧下肢肿胀、发红或张力增加等;或者随访方案中定期监测的D-Dimer结果显示明显升高(除外其他原因如感染等),同时需要经过以下3种确诊手段中任何一个确诊为复发者,即视为复发(确诊检查显示首次发病未累及部位或者有明确证据证实原有部位已经恢复后再次出现的血栓事件):CTPA新出现的肺动脉充盈缺损;肺灌注/通气显像显示新发生的灌注与通气不匹配现象;加压超声检查发现下肢静脉新近出现的血栓[19-21]

1.4 患者相关信息

包括年龄;性别;体质量指数(body mass index, BMI);明确诊断PE的时间;家族史;既往病史,如冠状动脉硬化性心脏病、高血压、血脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、吸烟、高同型半胱氨酸血症(hyperhomocysteinemia, HHCY)、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS)等;本次发病是否存在明确触发因素;抗凝治疗开始的时间;抗凝期间是否规律随诊;治疗达标情况;随访过程中是否发现肿瘤(如果存在,记录肿瘤部位、治疗方法及其转归);目前抗凝药物的使用状态,是否按医嘱停用抗凝药(记录具体时间)、持续使用抗凝药物者需具体记录继续使用抗凝药物的原因如合并心房纤颤、治疗中确诊复发、心脏瓣膜置换术或者是没有任何原因继续使用;对于明确存在复发者,记录患者明确复发的手段及部位、复发时间(记录治疗结束后还是抗凝治疗中)、属于症状性复发还是无症状性复发;患者的转归,如已经死亡的患者记录具体死亡原因。

1.5 统计学方法

以excel软件建立数据库,SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析;依据数据分布,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间均数比较采用配对t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数及四分位区间表示,组间比较采用非参数检验;计数资料以频数或率表示,组间率的比较采用χ2检验;变量相关性分析采用logistic或线性回归分析。以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 一般情况 2.1.1 观察组

共收治151例首次发病急性PE患者,其中22例患者存在明确触发因素(活动期肿瘤6例、手术后制动14例、明确家族遗传史1例、激素替代治疗1例)、无明确触发因素患者129例,性别(男/女1:1.22),年龄23~82岁,(64±12)岁。接受抗凝治疗至少1年并停药者50例;因各种不同原因如合并心房纤颤、心脏瓣膜置换术、治疗中确诊复发等仍继续使用抗凝治疗患者中59例;失访14例(10.85%);各种原因(如长期卧床、合并其他疾病等不能定期随访)中断抗凝治疗2例(1.55%);死亡4例(3.1%):其中死于脑出血者1例、死于PE复发1例、死因不详2例。使用抗凝药物:华法令72例、新型口服抗凝药57例。3例出院时CTPA主要分布在亚段,肺灌注显示阴性;2例治疗6个月同时复查CTPA和肺灌注显像显示CTPA正常而肺灌注异常,12个月肺灌注正常。另1例在6个月时,复查CTPA显示两个亚段充盈缺损而肺灌注依旧正常。

2.1.2 对照组

收治273例首次发病的急性PE患者,其中27例急性PE患者存在明确触发因素(活动期肿瘤5例、手术后制动17例、脑梗偏瘫绝对卧床3例、明确家族遗传史2例)。无明确触发因素急性PE患者246例,性别(男/女1:1.46);年龄22~95岁,(65.9±12.9)岁。接受抗凝治疗至少1年并停药者86例;因各种不同原因如合并心房纤颤、心脏瓣膜置换术、治疗中确诊复发等仍继续使用抗凝治疗患者中63例;失访53例(21.54%);各种原因(如长期卧床、合并其他疾病等不能定期随访)中断抗凝治疗21例(8.5%);死亡23例(9.3%):其中死于脑出血者4例(1例明确存在头颅外伤史、3例自发脑出血)、死于PE复发8例、死于多脏器功能不全5例、死于主动脉破裂1例、死于恶性肿瘤2例、死因不详3例。246例无明确触发因素的PE患者中使用华法令240例,使用新型口服抗凝药6例。见图 12

图 1 观察组的PE患者整体情况 Figure 1 Clinical feature of PE patients in observation group

图 2 对照组的PE患者整体情况 Figure 2 Clinical feature of PE patients in control group
2.2 两组指标比较

无明确触发因素的急性PE患者年龄分布及性别差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)观察组为(64 ± 12)岁和对照组为(65.9 ± 12.9)岁、男/女比例分别为观察组1:1.22和对照组1:1.46观察组复发率(11.63%)明显低于对照组(22.36%),(P < 0.01)。观察组病死率(3.1%)低于对照组(9.3%)(P < 0.05)观察组失访率(10.85%)低于对照组(21.54%)(P < 0.01);观察组中断治疗率(1.55%)低于对照组(8.5%)(P < 0.01);具有动脉硬化危险因素分别在观察组和对照组中占82.17%和77.64%(P > 0.05),动脉硬化危险因素控制达标分别为79.31%和54.97%(P < 0.05)。

2.3 基础病情况

观察组无明确触发因素129例急性PE患者中存在明确高血压、血脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、BMI > 30 kg/cm2、HHCY、OSAS、吸烟、或冠状动脉硬化性心脏病者106例(82.17%),上述代谢异常指标控制达标者92例(86.79%)。院外随访过程中,3例患者出院时诊断为无明确触发因素的PE患者,院外随访中确诊为肿瘤患者3例(3~9个月)。

对照组246例无明确触发因素急性PE患者中存在明确高血压、血脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、BMI > 30 mg/cm2、HHCY、OSAS、吸烟、或冠状动脉硬化性心脏病者191例(77.65%),上述异常代谢指标控制达标者105例(54.97%)。

表 1 两组无明确触发因素的PE患者特点 Table 1 Characteristics of the unprovoked PE patients in the two groups
PTE患者总数 观察组(2015.01-2016.12) 对照组(2010.01-2014.12)
总例数 129 246
年龄 64±12 65.9±12.9
性别(男/女) 1:1.22 1:1.46
华法令抗凝 72(55.81%) 240(97.56%)b
复发人数 15(11.63%) 55(22.36%)b
具有动脉硬化危险因素 106(82.17%) 191(77.64%)
动脉硬化危险因素院外控制达标 92(79.31%) 105(54.97%)a
抗凝治疗至少1年并停药观察1年 总例数 50 86
未正规治疗复发 2 1
正规治疗复发 3(10.0%) 13(15.12%)a
仍在接受抗凝治疗复发情况 总例数 59(%) 63(%)
未正规治疗复发 2 7(治疗中3、结束4)
正规治疗复发 7(14.0%)(治疗中4、结束3) 26(30.23%)b(治疗中4、结束22)
死亡 4(死于复发1例,3.1%) 23(死于复发8例,9.3%)a
失访 14(10.85%) 53(21.54%)b
各种原因中断抗凝治疗 2(1.55%) 21(8.5%)b
  注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01
3 讨论 3.1 强化院外管理方案能够明显降低PE患者的症状性VTE复发率

复发是PE患者院外死亡的主要原因[22-23]。研究发现抗凝治疗半年,PE患者停用抗凝药后复发率分别为1年等[24]10%~13%,5年23%,10年30%[5, 16-17]。Prandoni的前瞻性随访了10年(中位时间50个月)共纳入1 626例无明确触发因素VTE患者治疗停药后复发情况,结果显示总复发率为22.9%,第1年复发11.0%,第3年复发19.6%,第5年复发29.1%,第10年复发39.9%。本研究中明确死于复发PE的患者分别为观察组1例(25.0%)和对照组8例(34.78%),同时研究显示规范治疗可以显著降低PE患者VTE的复发率(由对照组复发率的22.36%降至11.63%)。但需要注意的是现有报道首次发病的VTE复发更多的是症状性复发[25-26]。本研究的观察组中,15例复发患者中症状性复发仅有3例(医嘱停药后复发1例、未正规治疗自行停药后复发1例、死亡1例)、无症状性复发者12例(治疗中复发的9例、医嘱停药后1年内复发3例)。所以,规范化管理筛查出无症状复发患者,与对照组相比,总的复发率降低更加说明可以减少症状性的复发率。

本研究的观察组结果显示,定期的院外随访可以为PE患者提供个性化治疗方案,如可以动态观察患者住院期间原有的异常指标的变化趋势、寻找患者可能合并的导致凝血机制紊乱的其他因素,(如3例患者出院时诊断为无明确触发因素的PE患者,院外随访中确诊为肿瘤)、识别PE患者动脉血栓事件及出血潜在危险因素等。对照组资料结果显示,存在很高比例的治疗中或者停药后的复发率、高比例的非医嘱停药或者高失访率。研究发现抗凝治疗中存在着诸多问题,如对疾病理解不够、治疗中涉及其他手术、治疗中不能常规进行监测、同时服用了抗血小板治疗顾虑出血风险等各种原因自行停止治疗等现象。反复的血栓事件势必会损害影响患者的生活质量,甚至导致高病死率。本研究两组中均有抗凝治疗中复发的患者,即便是观察组在接受现有指南指导下的规范抗凝治疗,停药后继续追踪1年仍有3例患者复发。研究提示PE患者的院外管理远不止于抗凝结束。

3.2 中老年成为无明确触发因素的急性PE患者的主要人群

两组患者均显示半数以上的PE患者首次发病年龄为64~65.9岁。年龄已经成为血栓事件(含动、静脉血栓)的独立危险因素,源于中老年人大多合并多种基础疾病、各种原因导致的久坐或完全不喜欢运动的生活习惯[27]。研究显示,随年龄增加VTE的发生率成指数增长。40岁以上DVT的发生率为1/10 000,到80岁后明显增加到(5~6)/1000[1],并且无症状DVT的发生率更高[28]。尽管高龄患者具有年龄特异性的疾病如肾功能下降、体质量减轻、早发痴呆、合并症、容易摔倒等均导致老年患者本身又是出血的高危人群,但是研究提示[29],80岁以上人群致死性血栓事件是致死性出血的4.5倍,80岁以上人群的致死性血栓发生率是80岁以下人群的2.5倍。所以,80岁以上老年人致死性血栓事件远比致死性出血更令人担忧。抗凝治疗作为PE患者院外治疗及预防复发的重要手段,不限期(indefinite)需要6~12个月甚至更长的抗凝治疗[9],也从另一个方面提示了当认识到PE为多因素相互作用、多种机制共存的疾病,可以视为慢性病看待时[12, 22, 24, 30],PE患者院外规范化管理的显得更加关键。部分PE患者抗凝疗程的不确定性及华法林作为主要的抗凝药物具有的安全窗很窄的特点,注定增加了对院外随访患者依从性的要求。既往研究显示不恰当的抗凝治疗成为VTE患者停药后复发的主要原因之一[31-36]。也是对照组中高失访率和高中断抗凝治疗率的原因之一。

3.3 存在高比例动脉硬化危险因素成为两部分研究患者的突出特点

两组研究均显示合并动脉硬化危险因素(如高血压、血脂代谢紊乱、糖尿病、肥胖、HHCY、OSAS等)的PE患者比例分别为观察组的82.17%和对照组的77.65%。长期以来静脉血栓(源于凝血机制的异常)与动脉血栓(源于血小板活化)被认为是完全不同的两种病生理变化。然而,动静脉血栓发病完全源于不同的机制的认识面临着巨大挑战[37],虽然部分研究尚未证实VTE与动脉硬化危险因素之间存在明确关系[38-41],甚至20%特发性PE患者可以发生心血管事件如心肌梗死和卒中[42],也证实了VTE与动脉硬化性疾病共享着同样的危险因素[43-46]。研究证实VTE事件后无论3月[47]还是12个月[48]内的心肌梗死或脑卒危险明显增加,更加证实了动、静脉血栓性疾病如影相随的特点值得关注。

VTE与动脉硬化之间除了存在共同的危险因素外,还存在着共同的病生理机制[49-50]。慢性炎症是导致动脉硬化致病机制非常重要的原因[51],并被抗血小板治疗及他汀类药物通过对炎症因子的调控减少静脉血栓事件发生的研究所证实[52-54]。相继的研究进一步证实VTE存在慢性炎症的证据,如VTE与CRP[53, 55]、IL-1β、IL-10[56]、高滴度的类风湿因子[57-58], 和IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α有关[59]。基于此,如果炎症存在甚至导致炎症的原因尚未被识别并持续存在的话,必将会成为VTE患者停用抗凝治疗后出现复发的重要原因。本研究的观察组部分随访期间,除了确保抗凝治疗正规外,严密监测并最大限度控制动脉硬化危险因素,虽然本研究尚不能得出动脉硬化危险因素与复发的内在联系,但暴露于动脉硬化危险因素的PE患者的复发问题值得的关注。

本研究的不足之处:对照组中因属于回顾性诊断,失访率高,对静脉血栓事件复发只能限于症状性复发;研究中D-Dimer检测频率、灌注/通气显像检查时间间隔的合理性和安全性尚需要进一步探讨。

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