中华急诊医学杂志  2018, Vol. 27 Issue (5): 486-491
D-二聚体联合损伤严重度评分对创伤患者预后的预测价值
陈鑫, 李亮, 杨志洲, 张炜, 任艺, 孙兆瑞, 韩小琴, 汪林, 白小翠, 聂时南     
210002 南京,南京军区南京总医院急救医学科
摘要: 目的 探讨D-二聚体、损伤严重度评分(injury severity score,ISS)与创伤患者病死率的相关性及D-二聚体与ISS评分联合预测创伤患者预后的价值。方法 回顾分析2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日南京军区南京总医院急诊抢救室收治的1 592例创伤患者的临床资料,排除年龄 < 14岁、伤后时间>24 h、入院时已死亡、自动离院及数据不完整者;既往有凝血功能障碍性疾病者;既往有原发性肝功能损害者;受伤前6个月内曾使用抗凝药物者;受伤部位 < 2处的患者,最终纳入1 167例。以28 d预后为观察终点,将患者分为存活组和死亡组,采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组间患者首次静脉血血浆D-二聚体值、ISS分值的差异;依据ISS评分将患者分为轻伤组,中度创伤组和重度创伤组,采用Kruskal-Wallis单因素ANOVA检验比较不同分组间病死率的差异;同时通过ROC曲线下面积大小,比较D-二聚体、ISS评分及两者联合预测患者预后的准确度。结果 D-二聚体与ISS评分呈正相关,存活组患者的D-二聚体和ISS评分水平明显低于死亡组(Z=-7.777, Z=-6.694,P < 0.01);病死率在轻伤组、中度创伤组和重度创伤组呈上升趋势,且各组间病死率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=70.85,P < 0.01);ISS评分、D-二聚体以及两者联合后ROC曲线下面积分别是0.728,0.765,0.800,D-二聚体预测患者预后的ROC曲线下面积大于ISS评分,但之间的差异无统计学意义(Z=1.051,P=0.293);两者联合预测患者预后的ROC曲线下面积大于单用ISS评分、D-二聚体(Z=3.028,Z=2.272,均P < 0.05)。结论 创伤患者血D-二聚体水平、ISS评分与患者伤情严重程度及病死率相关,D-二聚体和ISS评分增高都提示患者死亡风险增高,且两者联合后预测性能大于单独预测。
关键词: 损伤严重度评分     D-二聚体     创伤     预后    
Predictive value of D-dimer coupled with injury severity score in prognosis of trauma patients
Chen Xin , Li Liang , Yang Zhizhou , Zhang Wei , Ren Yi , Sun Zhaorui , Han Xiaoqin , Wang Lin , Bai Xiaocui , Nie Shinan     
Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Nanjing 210002, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the value of D-dimer plus injury severity score (ISS) in predicting the prognosis of trauma patients. Methods The clinical data of 1 592 traumatic patients admitted to our emergency room from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Excluding criteria included patients below the age of 14 and patients admitted over 24 h after injury, clinical death at admission, patients left from the hospital without the approval of attend doctor, detail and complete clinical data of patients not available, patients with history of coagulopathy, primary hepatic function failure, anticoagulants used within 6 months prior to injury, and patients with multiple injury affecting more than two parts of body. Finally, a total of 1 167 patients were enrolled in this study. The 28-day prognosis was used as the endpoint. The patients were divided into survival group and death group. The differences in venous plasma D-dimer and ISS at the first detection between two groups were compared by Mann-Whitney U test. According to ISS, the patients were divided into mild injury group, moderate injury group and severe injury group. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the differences among different groups. Meanwhile, the area under the ROC curve was used to compare the accuracy of predictive efficiency of D-dimer, ISS and the combination of both. Results There was a positive correlation between D-dimer and ISS, and D-dimer and ISS in survival group were significantly lower than those in death group(Z=-7.777, Z=-6.694, P < 0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in mortality among groups (χ2= 70.85, P < 0.01); The area under the ROC curve of ISS, D-dimer and both combined was 0.728, 0.765, 0.800, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of D-dimer to predicte patients' prognosis was a little bit larger than that of ISS, but the difference was not statistically significant (Z=1.051, P=0.293). The area under the ROC curve of joint both of them for the prognosis of the patients was greater than that of ISS or D-dimer alone(Z=3.028, Z=2.722, P < 0.05). Conclusions The levels of D-dimer and ISS in patients with traumatic injury are correlated with the severity and mortality of patients. The increased D-dimer and ISS score indicates that the risk of death is increased, and prediction efficiency of combining both of them is superior to either alone.
Key words: Injury severity score     D-dimer     Trauma     Prognosis    

快速、准确地评估批量伤员的病情,及时高效地进行救治,是急诊科所要解决的重要问题之一。尤其是面对突发公共事件时,短时间内及时准确的分检出危重伤员并开展救治,对降低致残率和致死率都至关重要。针对批量伤员的检伤分类,目前损伤严重度评分(injury severity score,ISS评分)[1]应用较为广泛。但该评分方法采用解剖部位为基础进行评分计算,不能反映伤员的生理变化,存在一定的局限性。D-二聚体是纤溶酶作用于交联蛋白的特异性分子标志物,是凝血功能相关疾病常用的检测指标,在创伤患者中也常有升高[2-3]。本文通过回顾性研究1 167例创伤患者的临床资料,探讨D-二聚体联合ISS评分预测创伤患者预后的意义。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

采用回顾性分析方法,选择南京军区南京总医院急诊抢救室在2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日收治的创伤患者共计1 592例。排除标准:(1)年龄 < 14岁、伤后时间> 24 h、入院时已死亡、自动离院及数据不完整者;(2)既往有凝血功能障碍性疾病者;(3)既往有原发性肝功能损害者;(4)受伤前6个月内曾使用抗凝药物者;(5)受伤部位 < 2处。最终纳入1 167例创伤患者。所有检查检验及抢救治疗措施均获得患者及家属的知情同意,按照创伤治疗的指南进行治疗。

1.2 方法

对所有纳入患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,统计患者入院时ISS评分[4]及首次静脉血血浆D-二聚体值,D-二聚体使用日本希森美康(Sysmex)CA-7000全自动凝血分析仪检测,测定采取免疫比浊法。根据ISS评分结果,将患者分为轻伤组(ISS ≤ 16分),中度创伤组(16分 < ISS ≤ 25分)和重度创伤组(ISS > 25分)。以28 d预后为观察终点将患者分为存活组及死亡组。比较不同分组D-二聚体与患者病死率之间的关系。通过ROC曲线下面积,评估ISS评分以及D-二聚体联合ISS评分对患者预后预测的意义。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行分析,定量资料以均数±标准差(x ± s)、中位数(四分位数)表示,非正态分布的样本组间采用两样本Mann-Whitney U检验或多样本Kruskal-Wallis单因素ANOVA检验表示,正态分布的样本组间比较采用完全随机设计独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析;定性资料采用例数和率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;采用趋势性χ2检验比较不同评分分组中D-二聚体、病死率的变化趋势;采用Pearson相关分析探究D-二聚体值与ISS评分的相关性。根据患者的ISS评分及血D-二聚体值,应用MedCalc12.1统计软件生成受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,采用DeLong-DeLong非参数法比较各项评分ROC曲线下总面积,分析ISS评分、D-二聚体及两者联合后对创伤患者预后的预测价值。ROC曲线下总面积在0.5~0.7时预测价值较低,>0.7且≤0.9时预测价值中等,>0.9时预测价值较高[5]。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 纳入患者的一般资料

最终纳入1 167例患者,男性865例,女性302例;年龄(48.45±17.21)岁。将所有患者按预后分为存活组和死亡组,存活组1 092例(93.6%),死亡组75例(6.4%),见表 1

表 1 研究对象的基本资料在组间的分布 Table 1 demographics and clinical settings of the study subjects
指标 存活组(n=1 092) 死亡组(n=75) t/χ2 P
性别(男/女) 811/281 54/21 0.188 0.665
年龄(岁) 47.72±16.99 59.09±16.94 -5.571 0.000
致伤因素(例,%)     11.023a 0.012a
  车祸伤 550(50.4) 47(62.7)    
  高处坠落 162(14.8) 13(17.3)    
  摔伤 129(11.8) 10(13.3)    
  打架斗殴 87(8.0) 1(1.3)    
  重物砸伤 30(2.7) 0(0)    
  爆炸或烧伤 20(1.8) 0(0)    
  电击伤 9(0.8) 0(0)    
  其他 105(9.6) 4(5.3)    
注:a表示卡方检验时将致伤因素为打架斗殴、重物砸伤、爆炸或烧伤、电击伤和其他合并为一组进行计算
2.2 不同预后患者ISS评分与D-二聚体的比较

存活组患者的ISS评分和D-二聚体水平明显低于死亡组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),见表 2

表 2 存活组及死亡组ISS评分与D-二聚体比较 Table 2 Comparison of ISS score and D-dimer between survival group and death group
组别 例数 ISS评分
[分,M(IQR)]
D-二聚体
[mg/L, M(IQR)]
存活组 1 092 5(2, 9) 7.14(1.24, 18.00)
死亡组 75 9(6, 25) 34.26(9.95, 40)
Z   -6.694 -7.777
P   < 0.01 < 0.01
2.3 不同评分分组患者病死率和D-二聚体比较

不同评分分组间病死率及D-二聚体差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),同时趋势性检验显示随着ISS评分增加,D-二聚体值及病死率均有上升趋势(Ptrend < 0.01),见表 3

表 3 不同ISS评分分组病死率及D-二聚体值比较 Table 3 Comparison of mortality and D-dimer value in different ISS score groups
ISS评分(分) 例数 存活(n=1092) 死亡(n=75) 病死率(%) D-二聚体(mg/L, M(IQR))
≤16 1 068(91.5) 1 018(93.2) 50(66.7) 4.91 7.23(1.23, 17.97)
16~25 83(7.1) 64(5.9) 19(25.3) 29.69 18.38(7.05, 40.00)
>25 16(1.4) 10(0.9) 6(8) 60 24.58(5.40, 40.00)
χ2       70.85 43.26
P       < 0.01 < 0.01
Ptrend       < 0.01 0.01
2.4 ISS评分与D-二聚体的相关性分析

Pearson相关分析显示,急诊创伤患者D-二聚体与ISS评分呈正相关(r = 0.342,P < 0.01),见图 1

图 1 D-二聚体与ISS评分值的相关散点图 Figure 1 Scatter plot of D-dimer versus ISS
2.5 ISS评分、D-二聚体及联合后对患者预后的预测价值

ISS评分、D-二聚体以及ISS评分联合D-二聚体对患者病死率预测性能进行比较,生成ROC曲线,并对曲线下面积进行比较(图 2)。

图 2 ISS评分、D-二聚体及两者联合预测患者预后受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线 Figure 2 ROC curve of ISS, D-dimer and joint both to predict prognosis in trauma patients

ISS评分、D-二聚体以及ISS评分联合D-二聚体对患者预后都有一定的预测能力,ISS评分联合D-二聚体后对患者预后的判断能力最优。D-二聚体单独预测患者预后的ROC曲线下面积大于ISS评分,但之间的差异无统计学意义(Z=1.051,P=0.293);两者联合预测患者预后的ROC曲线下面积大于ISS评分、D-二聚体单独预测面积(Z=3.028,Z=2.272,P < 0.05),见表 4

表 4 ISS评分、D-二聚体及两者联合预测患者预后的预测价值 Table 4 Predictive efficiency of ISS, D-dimer and joint both for patients' prognosis
预测指标 AUC 误差 95%CI
ISS评分 0.728 0.029 6 0.702~0.754
D-二聚体 0.765 0.028 2 0.739~0.789
两者联合预测 0.800 0.026 8 0.776~0.822
3 讨论

批量伤员的检伤分类是急诊救治的第一步,快速、准确、有效地评估伤员的轻重程度,对指导急诊医师采取有效的救治措施,减少伤员创伤后遗症、降低致残率和致死率,提高急诊救治效率和质量有重要意义。目前国内使用较多的是损伤严重度评分(ISS评分)。ISS评分是在简明损伤分级(abbreviated injury scale, AIS)评分基础上修正和改进而来,通过对创伤患者不同部位伤情的判定,计算出最终的分值,分值高低不仅代表了创伤严重程度,而且对创伤患者死亡风险的评估有重要价值。近期国内一项包含93例严重多发伤患者的研究显示,ISS评分预测患者病死率的ROC曲线下面积为0.897[6],显示了较好的预测效能。国内外均有较多研究证实,ISS评分是患者死亡的独立影响因素[7-9],其分值越高,创伤患者死亡风险越大[10],患者的病死率随其升高而升高。来自泰国的研究者在一项前瞻性队列研究中表明,患者病死率与ISS评分呈正相关,高ISS评分组中有更多患者需直接采取手术治疗,且高龄、低血压、以及格拉斯哥评分等影响患者病死率的相关参数也与高ISS评分相关联[7]

但ISS评分也存在较大局限性。因为ISS评分对创伤患者进行评定时以解剖部位为基础,对患者的年龄、病理生理情况、以及全身的严重反应等因素的影响并未考虑进去,对患者伤后的生理功能紊乱状况并未反映出来,由于每个患者存在个体差异,对创伤的承受能力及治疗的反应性不尽相同,临床表现也呈现多样性,患者解剖部位的损伤严重程度与其创伤后病理生理改变状况并不一致。同时ISS评分对相同的受伤区域的多处损伤只取一处,不能真实反映多脏器伤的严重性;对腹腔内的复杂脏器相互区别不够;不能很准确的反映颅脑损伤的严重程度[11]。另外,患者入院后,需要经过一系列检查检验明确诊断,对一些脏器、血管、神经的损伤则需要进行手术后才能明确诊断,影响了ISS评分的准确度。

D-二聚体是纤溶酶降解交联蛋白的特异性产物,反映了凝血系统激活后的纤维蛋白溶解状态[12],既往有研究表明,纤维蛋白溶解,是创伤诱导的凝血病和凝血功能损伤的重要组成部分,并且可导致患者预后不良[13-17]。D-二聚体升高可见于严重创伤、感染、肿瘤以及脑梗死、肺栓塞等疾病,近期国内研究显示D-二聚体对主动脉夹层的初筛性诊断以及预后的预测也有重要应用价值[18]。严重创伤引起的休克和组织低灌注,可造成患者血管内膜受损,内膜下组织暴露,进而激活凝血系统,使血液患者处于高凝状态,同时诱导内皮细胞组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)的急性释放[19]引起纤溶亢进。严重创伤患者在高动力循环、高代谢作用下,机体内的纤溶和凝血系统发生紊乱,而机体释放的大量炎性介质,也可以激活凝血系统,使体内微血栓广泛的形成,都使D-二聚体异常持续升高,较重的患者最终会导致多器官障碍功能综合征、甚或多器官功能衰竭而死亡[20-21]

严重创伤后出现呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官功能衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血等并发症,诊断时可以使用D-二聚体作为参考因素[22],而且国内外均有较多研究表明,D-二聚体与创伤患者的预后显著相关。Tian等[23]及Tong等[24]的研究报道了较高D-二聚体水平的脑创伤患者与其不良预后相关。亦有研究表明,所有严重创伤患者的高D-二聚体水平与预后不良以及组织损伤的严重程度相关[25-29]而不论有无合并脑损伤[17, 30-31]

D-二聚体检测操作简便,较短时间即可得到结果,价格也较为低廉,评估患者凝血功能时常被作为首选化验指标。近年来,血栓弹力图在临床应用亦较为广泛,常被用来描记患者的凝血功能状态。有研究显示,血栓弹力图检测出纤溶亢进的创伤患者中,可以观察到D-二聚体水平是增高的,但在D-二聚体增高的创伤患者中血栓弹力图检测并不都会出现纤溶亢进的结果[30]。因此,本研究选用更为方便快捷且廉价的D-二聚体作为预测指标,与ISS评分联合判断创伤患者的预后。本研究依据ISS评分将所有创伤患者分为不同创伤程度组,结果评分越高的分组患者病死率越高,且血D-二聚体水平也越高,D-二聚体与ISS评分呈现正相关,与其他国内外学者研究结果相符[32-33]。将ISS评分、D-二聚体以及两者联合对患者预后预测性能进行比较,结果显示ISS评分、D-二聚体以及两者联合判断的ROC曲线下面积均大于0.5,均有诊断意义,且两者联合后诊断强度显著大于单用ISS评分及D-二聚体判断患者预后[34]

综上所述,ISS评分与血D-二聚体均与创伤患者的病情严重程度相关,ISS评分增高、血D-二聚体升高都提示创伤患者死亡风险增高,两者均能预测患者预后,ISS评分和血D-二聚体存在相关性,且两者联合后预测性能大于单独预测。由于各种评分在预测创伤患者预后方面存在局限性,本研究通过评分及血液学检查指标联合对创伤患者预后进行预测,探讨评估创伤患者病情危重程度及预后的新思路。对急诊医师接诊创伤患者并及时采取干预,降低患者病死率,具有重要临床指导意义。

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