中华急诊医学杂志  2026, Vol. 35 Issue (8): 1149-1154   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn114656-20251007-00698

目标温度管理期间肠内营养的研究进展
李晓霞1 , 黄骁2 , 方泽斌1 , 金斌1 , 孙凯颉2 , 顾娟仙1     
1. 嘉兴大学附属海宁医院,海宁市人民医院,浙江大学医学院附属第一医院海宁院区重症医学科, 嘉兴 314400;
2. 嘉兴大学附属海宁医院,海宁市人民医院,浙江大学医学院附属第一医院海宁院区神经外科,嘉兴 314400

目标温度管理(targeted temperature management,TTM)是复苏后脑保护和神经危重症管理的重要措施,通常通过主动控制体温在目标范围内,包括32~36℃低温/控温策略及≤37.5℃的发热预防,以减轻缺血-再灌注损伤、降低脑代谢率并改善神经功能结局[1-6]。近年来,TTM理念由“常规低温”转向“主动温度控制”,更强调恒温维持与发热预防[3-4]。低温、深镇静、肌松及血流动力学调控可共同影响胃肠动力和能量代谢,使肠内营养(enteral nutrition,EN)的启动、推进和耐受评估更复杂[7-8]。尽管指南建议血流动力学稳定后24~48 h内启动EN[9-11],但TTM期间EN管理的细化证据仍不足。本文就TTM期间EN的代谢基础、临床证据、实施难点及优化策略作一综述。

1 TTM对营养代谢及胃肠功能的影响

TTM主要应用于心搏骤停复苏后脑损伤、重型颅脑损伤、颅内压升高、缺血性卒中及癫痫持续状态等神经危重症[5, 12-14]。其脑保护作用与降低脑代谢率、减轻炎症反应、抑制脑水肿及改善细胞能量失衡有关。低温状态下,体温每下降1℃,基础代谢率约降低6%~8%;32~34℃时总体能量消耗可下降约20%[15-24]。这种低代谢状态可减少氧耗,但也使常规能量估算偏差增大。深镇静、肌松和机械通气进一步降低肌肉活动,因此营养处方应结合体温阶段、镇静深度、复温速度和实际摄入动态调整[25-26]。

低温还可通过自主神经紊乱、交感神经兴奋及迷走神经张力下降抑制胃平滑肌推进,导致胃排空延迟、胃潴留、腹胀和反流[27-30]。同时,低温及循环调控可降低肠系膜灌注,削弱肠黏膜屏障并增加细菌易位风险[31]。丙泊酚、咪达唑仑、阿片类药物及肌松剂亦可抑制胃肠动力,使胃肠功能恢复滞后于体温恢复[34-36]。因此,TTM患者兼具能量需求阶段性变化、胃肠耐受下降和复温期代谢快速回升等特点。

2 TTM期间EN的临床证据

EN可维持肠屏障、改善免疫功能并降低感染风险,仍是危重症患者首选营养途径[37-39]。现有研究提示,低温本身并非EN禁忌。TTM2等大型研究提示,在现代主动体温控制策略下,严重胃肠相关不良事件并非主要限制因素,但EN安全性仍主要依赖专门营养研究和临床监测资料[40]。Martin等发现,ICU入室48 h内启动EN者3个月良好神经结局率高于延迟组,且未增加误吸和感染风险[41]。Joo等显示维温阶段EN总体耐受性较好[8];Williams等发现,约70%患者在维温期可耐受部分EN,胃潴留多发生于控温后24~48 h,提示该阶段是推进和监测的关键窗口[42]。多中心数据库研究显示,TTM开始后2 d内启动EN与延迟启动相比,30 d病死率差异无统计学意义,但7 d菌血症发生率较低[43]。ESPEN和ASPEN指南均提出,低温不应成为延迟EN的理由,应在循环稳定后尽早实施并加强耐受监测[9, 44]。国内共识亦强调,深镇静、神经重症或亚低温状态下EN仍为优先途径,但需规范评估腹泻、误吸、高胃残余量(gastric residual volume,GRV)及营养达标情况[45-47]。总体而言,TTM期间早期EN安全可行,但其对病死率、机械通气时间和长期神经功能结局的影响仍需验证。

3 TTM期间EN实施的主要问题

危重症胃肠功能损害、神经损伤应激及EN实施流程差异均可增加TTM期间营养管理复杂性[48-50]。TTM期间EN不耐受主要与低温、镇静、肌松和血管活性药物导致的胃肠动力抑制及内脏灌注改变有关,表现为胃潴留、腹胀、反流、输注中断和能量达标延迟[9, 20, 34, 41, 51-60]。GRV是常用指标,但测量误差较大,且200 mL或500 mL阈值仍有争议。GRV不宜作为单一停喂标准,应结合腹胀、呕吐、反流、误吸风险、氧合变化、乳酸趋势和灌注状态综合判断[9, 61-63]。在无反流、误吸、腹压升高或灌注不良证据时,可严密监测下适度容忍GRV≤500 mL并小剂量推进;若出现呼吸道事件、腹胀加重或循环灌注恶化,应暂停推进并分层处理。

此外,冰毯、冰帽及血管内控温导管可能限制体位调整,影响胃管固定并增加护理操作,从而造成喂养中断[32-33, 58, 64-65]。降温和维温期能量需求下降,而复温期代谢迅速回升,若EN推进滞后,易形成能量负平衡和蛋白缺口[9, 25, 66-71]。低温和镇静还可能掩盖腹胀、疼痛等信号,增加误吸、肠胀气及肠缺血迟诊风险[54, 72-74]。

4 TTM期间EN的优化策略

多数TTM患者可首选经胃持续泵入,并可在循环趋于稳定或小剂量血管活性药物支持下严密监测、低剂量启动EN;连续泵入有助于控制输注速度和观察耐受性[75-76]建议血流动力学稳定后以10~20 mL/h启动,每12~24 h评估后递增,争取复温后48~72 h达到目标供能[77-78]。对反复高GRV、反流或高误吸风险患者,可采取“经胃试探—动态评估—必要时转空肠”的分层路径[58]。推进过程中应同步评估镇静深度、血管活性药物剂量、氧合状态和体位变化,避免将药物或体位相关的短暂耐受下降误判为配方不耐受。

耐受评估建议采用“三联监测”:一是胃肠体征和灌注信号,包括腹围、腹胀、肠鸣音、乳酸及血流动力学变化;二是喂养过程指标,包括GRV、达标率、停喂时长及原因;三是呼吸道风险信号,包括反流、分泌物性状、吸痰频率、氧合下降和吸入事件[79-80]。条件允许时,可结合床旁超声评估胃窦截面积、胃排空趋势及肠系膜灌注。必要时可短期应用促动力药,但需警惕低温状态下QT间期延长及药物相互作用风险[81-84]。高误吸风险者应抬高床头30˚~45˚,并与护理、呼吸治疗团队协同制定吸痰、翻身及检查前减量流程。

配方选择应个体化。多数患者可使用标准整蛋白制剂;若胃动力明显减弱、GRV持续升高或腹胀明显,可短期选择短肽型、低脂或中链甘油三酯比例较高的配方[37, 85]。复温期应逐步增加能量供给,并将蛋白目标提升至1.2~2.0 g/(kg·d)[58, 86-87]。此外,应结合体温阶段、复温速度、镇静深度和实际摄入动态调整处方[25-26, 88]。对长期禁食、营养不良或高再喂养风险患者,应低剂量启动,监测磷、钾、镁、血糖和容量状态,必要时补充硫胺素并纠正电解质紊乱[89-90]。

建议建立医师、护士、营养师和药师共同参与的MDT模式,将营养筛查、启动评估、耐受监测、停喂原因记录和复温期能量爬坡纳入标准流程[9, 91]。可将输注中断时长、24/72 h达标率、复温期能量爬坡完成率和误吸事件率作为质量指标,以减少非必要停喂。

总之,目前证据总体支持TTM期间EN的安全可行性,但仍缺乏统一的分阶段实施策略。未来研究应围绕降温、维温、复温和体温控制不同阶段,比较EN启动时机、推进速度和供能目标对神经功能结局、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间、感染、误吸及病死率的影响,并纳入心搏骤停、重型颅脑损伤、缺血性卒中和神经外科患者等异质人群[92-93]。同时,应建立兼顾GRV、胃肠体征、呼吸道风险、床旁超声和灌注指标的复合耐受终点,形成复温期能量爬坡算法和蛋白分层处方。流程管理方面,可通过减少输注中断、优化控温设备摆位、床旁可视化提醒和MDT协作,开展真实世界质量改进研究。

TTM具有明确的脑保护意义,但可通过代谢抑制、胃肠动力减弱、内脏灌注改变及护理流程干扰,使EN管理更加复杂。现有证据表明,在血流动力学稳定和严密监测前提下,TTM期间早期、低剂量、循序推进的EN总体安全可行,并可能有助于维持肠屏障、改善营养状态和降低感染风险。临床应以阶段化能量与蛋白爬坡、三联监测、床旁超声、个体化配方、再喂养风险管控和MDT流程改进为核心,推动TTM患者营养支持规范化。

利益冲突   所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明   李晓霞:文章选题设计、文献检索与整理、论文撰写、基金支持;黄骁、孙凯颉:神经重症相关文献筛选、资料整理及专业内容补充;方泽斌、金斌:危重症营养支持相关资料收集、文献核对及图表整理;顾娟仙:论文修改、重要知识性内容审阅及终审

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