2. 北京中医药大学东直门医院急诊科,北京 100700
一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)是一种在血管调节、神经传递和免疫响应等多种生理及病理过程中发挥重要作用的小分子气体[1-2]。近年来,吸入NO(iNO)已广泛用于心血管、炎症及呼吸系统疾病的治疗[3-4]。然而,其在儿科疾病中的适应证、剂量及长期影响尚存争议。本文综述了NO在儿科治疗中的机制、疗效及安全性,为其临床应用提供科学依据。
1 NO的生物学基础 1.1 NO的生物学作用和机制NO由内皮细胞和神经元产生,具有血管舒张、抑制血小板聚集和调节神经传导的功能[1]。在肺血管系统中,NO通过激活cGMP信号通路使平滑肌松弛,扩张肺动脉,降低肺动脉压力和阻力,减轻右心室后负荷[5]。此外,NO的抗炎、抗凝和抗氧化作用可缓解炎症反应及肺血管损伤,改善肺功能,并减轻缺血-再灌注引发的炎症[6-8]。
1.2 iNO的药理学特性吸入的NO经呼吸道进入肺循环后迅速与血红蛋白结合生成亚铁血红蛋白,活性降低,对体循环影响较小[9]。其代谢由血红蛋白介导的NO氧化酶及肺泡内NO氧化酶完成,最终通过呼出气体和尿液排泄[10]。
2 iNO的临床应用1991年,Frostell等[11]首次发现iNO可有效治疗肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)。iNO能够选择性降低肺动脉压力,而不影响全身动脉压,因此广泛用于治疗各种导致肺动脉压升高的儿童急重症。
2.1 新生儿持续性肺动脉高压(persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn,PPHN)PPHN以肺动脉压力升高、肺血流受阻和肺内分流增加为特征,严重时可引发右心衰竭及多器官功能障碍,病死率高达40%~50%[12]。作为PPHN治疗的首选手段,iNO备受关注。1997年,多中心随机对照试验(RCT)证实,iNO显著改善氧合指数和临床预后,降低病死率[13]。2000年,美国FDA批准其用于新生儿PPHN治疗,推荐剂量为20 ppm(1 ppm =1 μL/L),最长使用14 d[14]。研究表明,即使剂量升至80 ppm,iNO仍能有效改善氧合状态[15-16]。此外,Finer等的大型RCT发现,iNO可减少机械通气需求[17],Barrington等[18]荟萃分析则显示,iNO降低了氧合指数 < 100 mmHg患儿对体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的依赖。然而,部分患儿对iNO反应不佳[19],且长期使用可能导致耐受性降低,影响疗效,其最佳应用策略仍需更多高质量研究验证。
2.2 儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS)ARDS以严重肺水肿、低氧血症和呼吸窘迫为主要特征[20]。iNO通过选择性扩张肺血管,降低血管阻力,改善肺血管通透性并优化肺泡-毛细血管气体交换,从而提升氧合水平[21]。Adhikari等[22]荟萃分析纳入12项RCT试验(1237名儿童ARDS患者),结果显示,iNO治疗首日PaO2/FiO2比值提高13%,氧合指数下降14%,效果持续至第4天,并减少机械通气时间及并发症。Bronicki等[23]的多中心研究进一步证实,iNO显著改善氧合并降低气道压力。然而,iNO对患儿生存率无显著改善[22],且长期或高剂量使用可能引发肺毛细血管渗漏、高铁血红蛋白血症及氧中毒等不良反应[24]。因此,iNO在儿童ARDS中的最佳剂量及停药时机仍需进一步研究。
2.3 小儿肺炎及支气管炎研究表明,iNO可改善儿童肺炎和支气管炎的氧合水平并缓解症状。Sokol等[25]的回顾性分析显示,iNO显著提高严重肺炎患儿的氧合水平,同时缩短ICU滞留时间。多中心RCT研究表明,150 ppm高剂量间歇性iNO治疗对急性细支气管炎婴儿的疗效优于85 ppm及标准治疗[26]。Goldbart等[27]的研究进一步证实,iNO可显著提高严重支气管炎患儿的氧饱和度和临床评分,并缩短住院时间。孙中厚和孙波[28]的研究发现,iNO通过调节炎症介质,预防克雷伯肺炎大鼠的肺损伤。这表明,iNO可作为抗炎治疗的辅助手段,为儿童肺炎和支气管炎的临床管理提供新思路。
2.4 儿童呼吸心搏骤停研究表明,iNO在儿童呼吸心搏骤停后的缺血-再灌注损伤中具有重要保护作用[29-30]。其机制包括扩张肺血管改善微循环灌注,缓解缺血缺氧,并通过抗炎和抗氧化作用减少细胞因子释放及氧自由基生成,从而减轻细胞损伤与炎症反应[30]。Morgan等[31]的儿童休克动物模型研究发现,iNO可改善心脏骤停后的血流动力学、脑灌注压及脑线粒体功能。一项成人研究显示,iNO显著提高呼吸心搏骤停患者的出院存活率,但对神经损伤无明显改善[32]。然而,高浓度iNO可能导致亚硝酸盐积累及氧自由基生成,引发心肌细胞损伤和血管扩张不良[33]。因此,iNO在儿童呼吸心搏骤停后治疗中的应用仍需更多高质量临床研究支持。
2.5 支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD)BPD是早产儿常见的慢性肺疾病,主要表现为氧依赖和反复呼吸道感染。Ballard等[34]的多中心RCT显示,出生后7 d开始接受20 ppm iNO治疗的早产儿,在胎龄36周时无BPD存活率为43.9%,高于安慰剂组的36.8%,且治疗组患儿出院更早,氧依赖时间更短,无短期不良反应。Zheng等[35]的荟萃分析指出,胎龄≤34周的早产儿使用10 ppm初始剂量比传统治疗或5 ppm剂量更能降低BPD风险,但两组在院内病死率和不良事件发生率上差异无统计学意义。Cole等[36]的RCT表明,iNO改善了早期氧合状态,但对减少长期氧依赖的BPD比例无显著效果。iNO治疗BPD的争议主要集中在长期疗效不确定性和个体差异性。此外,高成本限制了其经济合理性,需进一步评估。
2.6 小儿先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease, CHD)围手术期管理iNO在小儿CHD围手术期管理中展现出显著潜力。Miller等[37]的RCT研究显示,iNO可显著降低术后肺动脉高压(PAH),改善氧合水平,并减少体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的需求。Matsugi等[38]研究表明,术前使用iNO可有效降低肺血管阻力,改善术后氧合状态,缩短住院时间,尤其对术前存在PAH的患儿,iNO能选择性降低肺血管阻力,减轻右心室负荷,优化术前生理状态。术后iNO已被证实可有效控制PAH危象,降低并发症风险,缩短机械通气时间,加速恢复[39]。此外,改善氧合状态为CHD患儿围手术期管理提供了更稳定的条件。然而,iNO的最佳使用时机、剂量、治疗持续时间及其长期预后影响仍需进一步研究。
2.7 先天性膈疝(congenital diaphragmatic hernia, CDH)CDH常导致肺发育不良和肺动脉高压。Gowda等[40]的RCT研究显示,iNO可有效降低CDH患儿的肺动脉压力,改善氧合,尤其对传统治疗(如机械通气和高频振荡通气)无效的病例,显著减少对体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的需求。多个国家(包括日本、美国、欧洲和加拿大)的CDH临床指南基于强有力证据推荐iNO作为CDH的标准治疗手段之一,认为其有助于提高存活率[41]。因此,iNO已成为管理CDH相关PPHN的重要治疗选择。
3 iNO治疗建议 3.1 治疗剂量与方法目前iNO的推荐起始剂量为20 ppm,可根据氧合改善情况调整,剂量范围为1~80 ppm[42]。治疗肺动脉高压时,应避免突然停用iNO,以防引发反跳性肺动脉高压危象。停药前需逐步将iNO浓度降至1 ppm,以确保患者血流动力学稳定[25]。
3.2 潜在的副作用iNO可促进高铁血红蛋白生成,需定期监测。当高铁血红蛋白浓度超过10%时具有临床意义,超过20%并伴有症状时应进行亚甲蓝治疗[43-44]。此外,高剂量iNO可能导致二氧化氮(NO2)生成,对肺部造成直接损伤。应将NO2浓度控制在5 ppm以下,超过20 ppm可能危及生命[45]。其他潜在副作用包括头痛、恶心、低血压、出血倾向增加、肾功能损害及可能增加癌症风险[46-47]。
4 iNO治疗未来研究方向iNO因其非侵入性、高选择性和快速起效的特点,以及相对较低的副作用风险,成为备受关注的治疗方案。新型精密医疗设备的研发进一步提升了其在儿科疾病中的应用可行性和便利性。然而,我国儿童ICU中iNO的应用率仅为9.3%,远低于发达国家的70%[48]。针对儿童适应证、最佳剂量、治疗疗程及副作用的高质量RCT研究,将有助于规范iNO应用,充分发挥其治疗潜力。未来需开展多中心、大样本RCT研究,以获取更高质量的临床证据。
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作者贡献声明 曲艳凝、段朱岩论文撰写;盛梦奕、李香莹资料收集及整理;郭琳瑛、吴彩军:论文设计、审阅及修改
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